1. Portugal first traded with India, BUT Britain was the first to establish a colony out of India.

2. The East India Company
a. By 1700, it established itself in 3 Indian cities
b. For 100 years, it only dealt with TRADE-not politics
c. But 1740-1780 was called "Forty Years of Anarchy" as the company got involved in politics.
1. The Company hired sepoys (own private army)
2. Participated in wars
3. Company leaders acted like "nawabs" rich Indian princes.
d. Robert Clive
1. A company official involved in Indian politics
2. He fought a huge native army and won-so the Indian princes gave him millions of dollars AND the right to govern and collect taxes. This gave the Company political power in India.

3. Hastings and Cornwallis established the Raj
a. By now British government needed to get involved in India
1. In 1773, British government passed an Act placing the Company under its control
2. Warren Hastings became British India's first governor.
3. The area in India under British control was called "the Raj"
4. In 1784, Parliament passed the India Act-gave it full control over the East India Company. Lord Cornwallis took over as governor in 1785.

4. Four Developments of the Raj under Cornwallis.
a. Develped the ICS (Indian Civil Service)-hired educated British who ran the Company and the new government
b. organized a system of tax collection in all territories under British control.
c. Strengthened the Company's military forces in India.
d. PARAMOUUNTCY was established-Where Britian let local princes control their own territories IF they would recognize the "paramount" position of Britain and not interfere with British policy in India.

5. Not all princes gently submitted to Britain-many wars! BUT Britain always won and then conquered that region. So princes learned to submit to the Raj.

6. Four factors contributed to British expansion

1. TECHNOLOGICAL SUPERIORITY-
Britian had far superior weapons to India and always beat them in battles
2. THE FORTY YEARS ANARCHY-
From 1740-1780 India was in constant turmoil. Native princes were in constant battles-thousands died and this paved the way for British control.
3. COHESION AND COMMUNICATIONS-
Unlike Indians, British officials in different parts of India supported and helped each other.
4. THE POWER OF PEACE-
The British brought stability to its territories never before experienced in India. Ordinary people got a well organized government that provided peace in return for taxes.